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The cumulative, interacting, overlapping effects of these extended phenotypes as manifested in the soil represent an extended composite phenotype.
The extended composite phenotype notion also suggests that significant biological changes should be reflected in significant qualitative pedological changes (i.e., fundamental changes in soil morphology beyond quantitative changes in specific short-lived soil properties).
Haploview (version 4.0) [28] was used to analyze the linkage disequilbrium in the PKNOX2 gene region and the association between the haplotypes and the composite phenotype.
We further examined association of haplotypes with the composite phenotype in this region, but they did not enhance the strength of the associations; hence these results are not reported here.
Using data from several genomewide case-control studies, we identified a strong (Odds ratio = 1.77) and significant (p-value = 7E-8) asignaltion signal with a novel gene, PBX/knotted 1 homeobox 2 (PKNon2), on chromosome 11 with the composite phenotype in European-origin women.
The weights for this composite phenotype are selected to maximize the heritability at each SNP.
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This step de-correlates the phenotypes, reorganizing phenotypic signals into orthogonal, composite phenotypes.
The concept of soils as extended composite phenotypes has repercussions for pedology, evolutionary biology, and interpretations of soils in other earth and environmental sciences.
Composite phenotypes can also be developed, which increase the probability of identifying the complex genetic architecture of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, which interact with nongenetic protective and exacerbating factors.
Soils form composite phenotypes where inorganic matter is enveloped into the physiology of a whole community.
The synthesis of more than one enzyme simultaneously led to various composite phenotypes that increased the number of resistant strains that we observed.
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