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An extensive life cycle analysis for a reference car design was conducted to study the effects of replacement of conventional steel structures by lightweight composite alternatives.
The money-pump argument relies on a particular way to combine preferences in two dimensions, which is only possible if two crucial assumptions are satisfied: (1) The primary alternatives (the stamps) can be combined with some other commodity (money) to form composite alternatives.
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Therefore, the composite alternative had a significant advantage in terms of construction and traffic disruption times.
The roughly 23 times additional lane closure cost for the post-tensioned alternative makes it less economically attractive than the composite alternative. .
The roughly 23 times additional lane closure cost for the post-tensioned alternative makes it less economically attractive than the composite alternative.
The associated traffic impact for the composite alternative is very short (only one night), as opposed to 12 days for the post-tensioned alternative.
However, the composite alternative required 13 days less construction time, resulting in substantial cost savings from traffic closing in the very busy traffic corridor.
Due to the extended traffic closure needs for the post-tensioned bent cap alternative, the total traffic closure cost was estimated as $8.6 million for this alternative, as opposed to only $720 k for the composite alternative.
Note that this is different from common multiple comparison procedures where the underlying set of compound hypotheses is that all partial null hypotheses hold (i.e. ) against the alternative that at least one partial null hypothesis can be rejected (i.e.. Berger (1982) introduced a procedure to test the composite null hypothesis against the composite alternative (see also Berger and Hsu, 1996).
The PL spectroscopy in conjunction with XRD reveals that pure ZnAl2O4 film was synthesized from the composite with alternative monocycle of ZnO and Al2O3 deposited by precise ALD technology.
By developing viable composites from alternative materials grown in the UK (i.e. Miscanthus), it is hoped to increase financial opportunities for farmers within this country who are either currently growing Miscanthus for biomass or who wish to diversify from more traditional hemp farming.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com