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The model has a composed error term consisting of two components––one for measurement error and the other for inefficiency.
εij is a composed error term comprising: within-individual errors (vi) arising from uncontrolled heterogeneity in perceived profile attributes and purely stochastic elements, and between-individual errors (uij) reflecting uncontrolled heterogeneity in individual characteristics, uncontrolled heterogeneity in perceived profile attributes and purely stochastic elements.
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They chose the error removal based approach, composed of error detection, system-level fault diagnosis, system repair, and backward error recovery.
This framework combines cross-layer error protection techniques composed of error correction code in the link/MAC layer, erasure code in the application layer, and ARQ across the link/MAC layer and application layer.
Gross error correction is made considering the phase composed normalized error (CNE).
Gross error detection is made through a Chi-square (χ2) Hypothesis Testing (HT) applied to the phase composed measurement error (CME).
Cyber-attack correction is made considering cyber-attack type and using the composed normalized error (CNE).
Cyber-attack detection is made through a Chi-square (χ2) Hypothesis Testing (HT) applied to the composed measurement error (CME).
The error in the base layer e B is composed of errors due to the rounding before applying the lossy encoder, as well as quantization errors added by the lossy coding.
RISS error state vector composed of position errors (δφ, δλ, δh), velocity errors (δVe, δVn, δVu), azimuth error (δAz), and sensors error (δaV, δωz).
By converting the tracking problem into a regulator problem, the ESMC minimizes the expected value of the guadratic objective function composed of errors which always remain in the intersection of sliding hypersurfaces.
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