These tools allowed her to launch her initial product much quicker than if she had built each component from scratch, which would require a larger development team and additional funding.
Mr. Smithers bases his forecasts, in part, on Tobin's Q, a measure devised by James Tobin, a Nobel laureate in economics, that compares a market's valuation with the estimated cost of rebuilding the component businesses from scratch.
Whether the competition for this contract will be won by a supercomputer built from off-the-shelf components, or built from scratch, is unclear as yet.
First, power electronics components are described from scratch beginning with the most widely used power switches and the building blocks that can be formed with them.
Researchers who are interested in exploring AR for their specific application in construction or another domain can immediately have access to the core logic components without starting from scratch on developing solutions for the registration and occlusion issues.
Details, personal and otherwise, buzz through Omar Lopez-Chahoud's mural-size collages of found, borrowed and made-from-scratch components, all attached directly to the gallery wall.
Most meals included several made-from-scratch components including beans, sopas (soups) or caldos (broths), and salsas.
Ms. Ytting's partner, Adam Aamann, a Copenhagen restaurateur, said all the components would be made from scratch, starting with the richly malted rye bread.
They are designed and assembled in Africa, and a growing number of components are made there from scratch, creating more than 100 manufacturing jobs.
