This is best understood for protein kinase A (PKA) that phosphorylates components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), and thereby decreases ROS production under cellular stress [ 12].
The gene cdkl3 encodes a polypeptide of 455 amino acids titled NKIAMRE [Swiss-Prot: Q8IVW4] that localizes in the cytoplasm and is thought to be a component of a kinase complex that phosphorylates the C-terminus of RNA polymerase II [ 20, 22, 23].
Src may act as an adapter protein that links other signaling proteins within complexes, or as a tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates some components of these complexes.
Intramitochondrial cAMP signaling has emerged as an important regulator of energy metabolism in mammals [ 33]. cAMP activates PKA that phosphorylates several components of respiration chain complexes and regulates their activities.
It is not clear whether Pak2 is directly involved in regulating transcription responses by phosphorylating components of transcriptional machinery which mediate this transition, or whether Pak2 phosphorylates a signaling component that ultimately leads to the transcription response facilitating this transition.
Here, we have identified homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 (HIPK1), also a component of the stress-response pathway, as a kinase that phosphorylates PAGE4 at T51.
Furthermore, by screening a panel of 190 S/T kinases, we have identified homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 (HIPK1), a component of the stress-response pathway, as a kinase that phosphorylates PAGE4 at T51.
However, LKB1 is not the only kinase that phosphorylates AMPK, and LKB1 phosphorylates numerous additional downstream targets that may contribute to its tumor suppressive role.
The GAL1 gene encodes galactokinase (Gal1p), an enzyme that phosphorylates galactose.
These studies add to emerging data validating KSR1 as a kinase that phosphorylates c-Raf-1.
