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Here we use (q_{c}) as an index [1] to measure the reliability level of city traffic: only cars with relative velocity below (q_{c}) can travel the main part of the city, i.e. the giant component of traffic network; otherwise, cars with relative velocity above (q_{c}) will be trapped in local isolated clusters.
In this study, we hypothesized that adverse respiratory response in our cohort may be associated with a component of traffic emissions as measured by BC or NO2.
Proxies for traffic-related exposure were straight-line distance to a highway; total road length around the residence; and NO2, because it is a large component of traffic emissions (Brauer et al. 2002).
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In order for traffic-related air pollution to adversely impact human health, some component of traffic-related air pollution must enter the body, either through penetration of the respiratory epithelium, ingestion, or through translocation up the olfactory nerve.
Zn, described as a marker for tire wear (Viana et al. 2008), was associated with LBW, suggesting that that non-exhaust component of traffic-related air pollution was associated with LBW, whereas Cu and Fe, other components of non-exhaust traffic elements, were not associated with LBW.
Controlled animal experiments demonstrate that ultrafine particulate matter (PM), a component of traffic-related air pollution, can translocate to the brain via the olfactory nerve or systemic circulation (Elder et al. 2006; Oberdörster et al. 2004; Peters et al. 2006), where it may promote CNS dysfunction.
Pollution associated to traffic can be considered as one of the most relevant pollution sources in our cities; noise is one of the major components of traffic pollution; thus, efforts are necessary to search adequate noise assessment methods and low pollution city designs.
Particulate components of traffic exhaust include metals, elemental carbon, organic carbon, and sulphate.
Further research is needed to identify particularly harmful components of traffic exhaust.
Frequency components of traffic noise and traffic flow rates during 0900 1700 on weekdays were measured simultaneously in 2008.
Two components of traffic exposure are relevant to blood pressure measures: traffic-related air pollution and roadway noise.
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