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Epiphytic lichens are an important component of forest biodiversity.
Soil survey is a major component of forest land resource assessment.
Deadwood is an important component of forest ecosystems on which many forest dwelling species depend.
Invertebrates are a vital component of forest biodiversity, functioning as decomposers and pollinators, herbivores, predators and prey.
Palms are a characteristic, important component of forest structure and the functionality of tropical forests, yet fragmentation-related studies have been poorly investigated in deforested landscapes.
Hybrid poplar plantations have become an important component of forest and agricultural landscapes in alluvial floodplains since poplars are among the fastest-growing trees in temperate regions.
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Forest fragmentation is a major conservation issue, which includes interdependent components of forest loss and changes in their spatial patterns.
The GFPM integrates the four classical major components of forest sector models: timber supply, processing industries, product demand, and trade.
Furthermore, this suggests that to understand service supply, biodiversity-functioning studies in forests should not only consider the effects of tree richness, but also other components of forest diversity, including tree dominance, shrub diversity and stand structural heterogeneity.
We presented that using OOD approaches, a forest management model can be developed generically enough to accommodate various components of forest management modeling.
These are complex components of forest ecosystems with significant impacts on nutrient and carbon cycling, forest successional dynamics, and soil protection from loss via erosion.
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