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It also illustrates the value of analysing each component of flight performance separately for many purposes, rather than reducing flight performance to a single index.
When considering developmental treatment, a main effect would demonstrate that developmental treatment altered the average level of that flight performance measure, whereas an interaction between developmental treatment and another component of flight performance would suggest that developmental treatment altered trade-offs between flight performance components.
The neural circuit underlying the TRPM8-induced wing-raise phenotype could be common to both wild-type behavioral acts and may represent the coopting of a previously evolved behavior, such as a component of flight initiation, to serve as an aggressive display, analogous to how some molecules serve divergent cellular roles (Shen and Cowan, 2010).
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We measured two components of flight distance, horizontal (distance between a visitor and the base of a perching tree) and vertical (distance between the base of a tree and the perch), and estimated the third diagonal component (distance between a visitor and the perch).
The various components of flight performance described in the previous section are not expected to be maximised simultaneously.
To investigate trade-offs between different components of flight performance, we adopted the following strategy.
However, closer analysis revealed that developmental stress intensified the trade-offs that birds faced between different components of flight performance.
They have also examined mean levels of flight performance per individual, rather than investigating how developmental stress might alter trade-offs between different components of flight performance.
By measuring multiple components of flight performance separately, and retaining information from multiple flights from the same bird, we were able to confirm the presence of trade-offs in flight performance.
This allowed us to examine impacts of early disadvantage on both average flight performance parameters and the trade-offs between different components of flight performance for each individual bird.
As with many other organismal traits, the evolution of components of flight performance in extant birds, including wing shape, is best understood as gradual change along a continuum or a stepwise accretion of traits [ 6].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com