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However, most micro-mixers require complicated fabrication procedures, possibly inappropriate for practical microfluidic utilization.
However, conventional methods suffer from low uniformity, complicated fabrication steps, sintering, leaching, decline of catalytic activity, and/or poor reusability.
However, only a few results can satisfy all aspects towards practical application, particularly the problems like low initial Coulombic efficiency, low volumetric capacity, huge volume change (>290%), complicated fabrication methods, and especially low production remain unsolved.
(1) Some microfluidic devices require complicated fabrication procedures because of microvalves and patterned electrodes used in those devices, which increase the device cost as well.
Our label-free LSPR-based detection technique provides a unique opportunity for bypassing current detection approaches that require complicated fabrication methods or extra-labeling, and that fail to work in complex biological fluids.
Complicated fabrication and system integration leading to high cost devices are the main culprit.
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From device designing point of view, main motivations are to remove the effect of substrate on thin film thermal property measurement and to avoid complicated actuator fabrication process for straining mechanism.
The inkjet printing method does not require complicated additional fabrication process steps such as photoresist mold and metal seed layer formation for electroplating, in order to pattern a 3D metal structure.
Buccal undercut of the maxillary tuberosity together with reduced width of the buccal vestibule can complicate denture fabrication.
Therefore, additional TiO2 layer, Pt film, and transparent conductive oxide (TCO) electrodes weaken incident light to the bottom cell and complicate the fabrication as compared with standard DSCs.
To achieve such improvements in graphene electrodes requires additional processes such as doping and surface treatments, which inevitably complicate device fabrication.
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