For instance, given an action, think about what changes if the action is performed and what does not generally the latter is much more difficult to produce than the former, leading to large, complex attempts to specify the non-effects.
For example, Nodal, BMP, Wnt, and FGF pathways communicate in complex ways to specify both cell fate and cell movement during gastrulation [ 4]; Wnt, FGF, and Delta-Notch pathways interact with associated transcription factors to direct segmentation [ 7]; and BMP, Notch, and Wnt pathways interact with associated transcription factors to regulate blood and vessel formation [ 8].
AKAP functions include the ability to compartmentalize multi-protein complexes in order to specify unique spatio-temporal signaling events involving PKA and other signaling moieties [31].
The resulting changes in the assembly and localization of signaling complexes are likely to specify individual biochemical and biological outcomes.
This interactive way of building complexes offers the user the chance to specify the complex with a few clicks and let MSMB deal with the more complicated issues (like transfer state for complexation and decomplexation reactions, renaming of species components, change in the components' multistate structure, etc).
We already have an extremely powerful descriptive system which can be used to specify complex systems while including ambiguities, uncertainties, interwoven relationships, iterative levels of success and an arbitrarily broad spectrum of scale and detail.
A domain-specific language ToolDef has been developed to specify complex, automated tool chains that are based on these small individual transformations.
In this analysis, using principal component analysis (PCA) the 13 psychometric questions were grouped so as to specify complex indicators that might identify the way individuals relate to certain issues.
Existing toolboxes often emphasize biological realism and allow the user to specify complex life cycles.
