This is an excellent overview of the complex signalling occurring between plants and their symbionts.
Ca2+ is a universal secondary messenger, which achieves specificity using complex signalling modalities.
Innate immune cells have complex signalling pathways for sensing pathogens and initiating innate immune responses against infection.
Biomaterials implanted into tissue will participate in the complex signalling between cells during wound healing.
In the past decade, apoptosis research has undergone a quantum leap, metamorphosing from a descriptive, phenomenological discipline into a molecularly defined, highly complex signalling field.
Upon DNA damage, eukaryotic cells initiate the DNA damage response, a complex signalling pathway which coordinates cell cycle arrest with DNA repair.
c, The cell has a network of complex signalling pathways that arrest the cell cycle and may ultimately lead to programmed cell death.
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the mucosa mediated by a complex signalling network between the keratinocytes and the sub-epithelial lymphocytes.
Additionally, cells have evolved complex signalling pathways to arrest the progression of the cell cycle in the presence of DNA damage, thereby providing increased time for repair and tolerance mechanisms to operate21 (Fig. 2c).
Wnts are involved in an complex signalling network that governs multiple biological processes and cross-talk with multiple additional signalling cascades, including the Notch, FGF (fibroblast growth factor), SHH (Sonic hedgehog), EGF (epidermal growth factor) and Hippo pathways.
Bird populations uttering simpler songs were more prone to extinction (with lowerλ) than populations presenting more complex signalling (Fig. 1).
