Therefore, rapid prototyping may have significant implications for in-utero fetal MR imaging, particularly in understanding the exact relations of the internal organs in cases of complex anomalies such as fetal diaphragmatic hernias and conjoined twins [12], which may allow planning of subsequent surgical management in such fetuses in the future.
At the moment, its use is limited depending on the safety regulations of each country, and should be kept for research, especially for cases of complex anomalies or for cases where 3D US is necessary but unavailable or has failed to give an objective estimation of the female genital tract anatomy.
cCTA is also useful for evaluation of complex aortic anomalies such as coarctation, interruption of the aortic arch and collateral vascular supply (Fig. 13).
It cannot provide very detailed and reliable data in very few cases of complex anomalies.
Until now, it has not been used as a primary diagnostic tool but was applied mainly for the investigation of complex anomalies [117, 129, 130, 131, 132]. 3.
More recently, stereolithography has found a role in the preoperative planning of complex dentofacial anomalies.
The exstrophy epispadias complex is a rare spectrum of anomalies affecting the genitourinary system, anterior abdominal wall, and pelvis.
During the past few decades fractional order partial differential equations began to play a key role especially in the study and modeling of anomalies and complex systems [2, 25 29].
CT angiography plays an important role in the identification and definition of the anatomy of these complex anomalies, thus providing a roadmap to surgeons.
OV90, derived from a long-term passage of undifferentiated adenocarcinoma of malignant ovarian ascites, exhibits the molecular genetic characteristics of HGSC, which includes the presence of a somatic TP53 mutation and complex genomic rearrangements overlapping the spectrum of anomalies observed in HGSCs [ 15, 19].
