Through phases of complex uplift and accretion along the Gondwanan landmass, a convergent margin ensued with associated back-arc volcanism within Antarctica for at least the Permian to mid-Jurassic time, which subsequently evolved into a passive margin, giving the Chatham Rise its distinctive finger-like shape.
About two thirds of Nigeria's landmass is underlain by the Precambrian basement complex (Figure 1).
Inland water ecosystem, complex of living organisms in free water on continental landmasses.
The African sector, in general, has the largest landmass under the equatorial anomaly strip, with an ionosphere that is characterized with complex electrodynamic structures that are not yet well understood.
When the bridge complex, built under Robert Moses, was completed in 1936, the island was still three separate landmasses: Randalls, Sunken Meadow and, to the south, Wards Island.
This may have been caused by the lack of a continental landmass in a polar position or by generally warm conditions; however, because of the complex relationships between temperature, geographic configurations, and glaciations, it is difficult to state a definite cause and effect.
This island has been isolated from all other landmasses during the last 80 million years (My) and different vertebrate groups have undergone complex phylogeographic histories [ 5].
It is a story that starts just over a billion years ago, long before complex life had formed on the planet, when the then continents were drifting together to create a giant landmass known as Rodinia.
The origin and diversification patterns of lineages across the Indian Ocean islands are varied due to the interplay of the complex geographic and geologic island histories, the varying dispersal abilities of biotas, and the proximity to major continental landmasses.
