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fsQCA is especially well-suited for case-oriented, exploratory studies of social phenomena that manifest complex causality (characterized by configurational equifinality and causal asymmetry), where the number of cases is small (typically 10-50), the data and concepts are qualitative, and theory is not well developed [ 16– 16].
[ 56, 59- 63, 63- 67] The number and complexity of analyses obtained for this study suggests this complex causality.
Understanding complex causal systems is fundamental to navigating the contemporary world, yet Kupers believes that complex causality gets no more than an occasional nod under traditional systems of learning.
However, in many contexts it may be that more complex causality is involved: the same outcome can be produced by different possibly causally related conditions such that conditions are neither necessary nor sufficient.
It requires understanding of complex causality, possible unintended consequences, and the strengths and limitations of various investigative approaches.
The complex causality structure in the US food environment reveals that policy variables cannot be treated independently of their rich causal structure.
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She is particularly interested in children's understanding of complex causalities and the development of systems concepts, and in how these understandings interact with math and science learning.
As with most rights (article 3 is a notable exception), socioeconomic rights are not absolute but contextual, their content being informed by judicial recognition of the competing interests and complex causalities in play and the need for proper deference to the will of elected representatives.
Our approach raises some fundamental issues of the systems biology approach since finding all complex causalities (interactions) is an NP hard problem.
We researched student learning of three complex causal concepts that are important to many science concepts distributed causality, probabilistic causality, and action at a distance.
Finally, we use the complex Granger causality to directly calculate the causality between the two regions as a whole.
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