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The IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) sets off a complex cascade of signals upon binding of its ligands, IGF1 and IGF2[ 67].
A growing understanding of both TSCs, MSCs and the complex cascade of signals regulating both cell populations have, therefore, emerged as potential therapeutic targets to treat reparative disorders.
However, despite considerable headway, our understanding of the complex cascade of signals that pass back and forth between neighboring cells of developing tissues, their systemic regulation, and the role of the matrix microenvironment is still largely incomplete, leaving the field ripe for further progress.
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Most hormone receptors influence gene expression by entering the nucleus in response to hormone binding or through a complex cascade of signaling enzymes.
By covalently reacting with multiple target proteins, electrophilic derivatives of long chain PUFAs activate a complex cascade of signaling events.
It appears that DNA damage initiates a complex cascade of signal transduction that alters circadian clock dynamics in a complicated manner.
In addition, Akt is a central node in a complex cascade of signaling with a feedback loop that influences the regulation of this kinase, whereas PI3KCI can antagonize autophagy through the activation of the Akt pathway.
When death receptors are activated, apoptosis is induced by a complex cascade of signalling pathways (recently reviewed in [ 25]) leading to the activation of initiator caspases (mainly caspases 8 and 10), and subsequently effector or executioner caspases (caspase 3,6,7) [ 28].
In such cases the intralumenal accumulation of unfolded/malfolded proteins determines ER stress, which in turn activates a complex cascade of survival signaling pathways, collectively termed unfolded protein response (UPR).
The process of neurogenesis depends on a complex cascade of molecular signaling pathways.
Interaction of such a PAMP with a TLR is followed by a complex cascade of intracellular signalling, which leads to a proinflammatory response [ 5].
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com