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Further work to upscale these results for complex canopy architecture such as branches and crowns is required.
Lower road density, more complex canopy vertical structure and higher tree species richness characterised the private forest tract.
However, the majority of world forests occur in heterogeneous ecosystems and topography with rather complex canopy architecture.
Properties of plant parts vary within a complex canopy architecture, and insect damage can induce further changes that affect an animal's movements, development and likelihood of survival.
Particularly the accurate 3D modeling of the complex canopy architecture is crucial to understand the interaction of photons with the vegetation canopy and its background.
In this study, a model was developed and validated to accurately predict the three-dimensional distribution of microclimate-related quantities (e.g., net radiation, surface temperature, evapotranspiration, flux partitioning) in complex canopy geometries.
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It could be used to examine light dynamics in complex canopies and in stand-level growth models.
The stand-level model could be used to examine light dynamics in complex canopies and in stand-level growth models.
The forests of Nepal are reported to be of middle age with less complex canopies [29], as observed over the study area, with trees largely belonging to the less than < 100 cm diameter class (Additional file 1: Appendix S3).
Similarly, because older forests have more structurally complex canopies, we might expect an active-sensor approach to better capture biomass in older forests, or in generally higher-biomass forest types [38].
Strong declines of marine forests of kelps, fucoids and other complex, canopy-forming macroalgae have occurred over the past decades around the world [15], [16], [17].
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