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Once London got the nod, the organizers and Westfield began what Burton called a "complex barter".
Over the years, Gazprom has subsidized Ukrainian domestic gas prices in exchange for access to the pipelines, spawning complex barter deals, constant renegotiations and, critics say, corruption.
Factories with no clear owners employ many phantom workers; companies with no markets resort to complex barter deals, with every party taking a cut; state banks with no shareholders dole out credit to their friends, for a fee.
It is the kind of multiparty barter that rose to prominence in the 1990s, when managers of factories across Russia devised complex barter chains to keep the maximum number of enterprises in business when none had cash to pay their bills.
An already slim woman is frozen in front of her office's refrigerator, an inner monologue belying a complex barter system that could justify a piece of raspberry cheesecake.
Similar(55)
He said he would prefer to stick with the complex bartering system currently in use.
But the terms of these special sales translate into a complex bartering system that ultimately leaves Tehran short of U.S. dollars and euros.
Of course, it's not just these countries as most official visits are more complex than just bartering for trade and agreeing billions in investment - despite the fairly predictable headlines to come after each of these trips that help to justify the cost of those air miles.
After basic exchange came into existence, more complex forms developed beyond a basic barter economy, and new forms of risk manifested.
Spanish colonizers described villages in which the basic social units were nuclear and extended families, dominated by male members and elders; barter-based market economies and complex religious traditions were also characteristic of these groups.
For people who find barter and local currencies a bit too complex, there are plenty of simpler options growing quickly, among them freecycling, freeganism and dumpster diving to reclaim useful items from the trash.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com