On the other hand, we also observe that among the successful candidates only a completed higher education degree is associated with (clearly) higher status scores, whereas we do not find large differences between dropouts with and without pre-tertiary vocational qualifications and candidates who never entered higher education.
Educational attainment was analysed by categories typically associated with credentials: <12 years (did not complete high school degree); 12 years (completed high school degree); 13 16 years (Associates or Bachelor degree equivalents); 17 years or more (graduate or professional training).
Detailed information on the highest level of school completed was collected and the variable was categorized as "less than high school degree" (high school not completed), "high school degree" (high school diploma or general equivalency diploma), and "more than high school degree" (some college, vocational, or technical school; associate's degree; Bachelor's, Master's, or professional degree).
Maternal education was categorised according to whether the mother had completed higher education (A-levels, degree or postgraduate qualification).
Maternal education was categorised according to whether the mother had completed higher education (A-levels or degree).
The highest educational level referred to parts of or completed high school level or university degree.
Vishwas grew up in India, where he completed high school and a bachelor's degree in engineering.
Approximately one-third of the mothers did not have a high school degree, a third completed high school, and a third had at least 1 year of college.
Mothers were asked to define their level of formal education as having either: no formal education, only the first three years of elementary school, completed elementary school, completed high school, or having a university degree.
Parental educational attainment was measured for both parents by the level of completed education in 1995, categorised as primary education (compulsory school only), secondary education (completed high school) and tertiary education (university degree).
