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The well characterized selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) 4OH-TMX also exhibited agonistic effects on ERα-mediated activity, while it was a complete antagonist of ERβ-mediated action.
BPA exposure (from nmol/L to µmol/L) mimics E2 in the presence of ERα acting as a proliferative agent while in the presence of ERβ BPA acts as a complete antagonist of E2 ERβ complex.
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These tumors should also be responsive to selective ER downregulators, such as fulvestrant, which function as complete antagonists on both nuclear and non-nuclear ER activities.
We have also developed a series of substituted tetrahydrochrysenes that were full agonists on ERα but were complete antagonists on ERβ (see Fig. 2) [ 14**, 16*].
Antiestrogens are identified as outliers in the ER binding/yeast assay, while complete antagonists are identified in the ER binding and E-SCREEN assays.
SERMs such as hydroxytamoxifen and raloxifene that are partial agonists on ERα [ 11*] were found to be complete antagonists on ERβ [ 12, 13].
E2 was used as positive control for agonist activity, whereas ICI182780, a well-known complete estrogen antagonist, served as control for antagonist action.
In fact, NK4 inhibits the mitogenic, motogenic, and morphogenic activities of HGF and is the most complete HGF antagonist described.
DIM had little AhR-related activity in the H1G1 assay (approximately 8% of the maximal effect of TCDD), making it a nearly complete competitive antagonist (Table 2).
In addition to 17β-estradiol, selective estrogen receptor modulator, tamoxifen, and complete ERα antagonist, fulvestrant, bind to GPR30 and induce adverse effects in breast cancer cells [ 11].
In addition to 17β-estradiol, selective estrogen receptor modulator Tamoxifen and complete ERα antagonist Fulvestrant bind to GPR30 and activate certain signaling pathways in breast cancer cells, thus leading to stimulation of proliferation [ 5].
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