On the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the sequence and structural relationships of six complementary determination regions (CDRs) in the Kabatman database, a computational algorithm was developed to introduce single-site and double-site mutations into variable CDR positions using ambiguous nucleotides.
Moreover, the complementary determination of three lipid peroxidation products (MDA, HNE and 8-isoPGF2α) may be very helpful in the diagnosis of LB.
Higher polymorphic levels can be found in the sex-determination gene, complementary sex determination, of honey bees that exhibits trans specific balancing selection [ 61].
In isolated haplodiploid populations with complementary sex determination, reductions in the number of sex-determination alleles increase the production of inviable or effectively sterile diploid males, which in turn reduce population growth rates and effective sizes potentially creating a rapid extinction vortex [40], [41].
Gain-of-function alleles of tra, the double dose of X-linked transcription factors that activate Sxl, or Csd proteins derived from a heterozygous csd gene are the molecular signals of diverse sex determination mechanisms, such as a dominant female-determining system, an X A ratio and a complementary sex determination system.
Two empirically confirmed sex-determination mechanisms have been documented in the Hymenoptera, Complementary Sex Determination (CSD), reported from over 60 hymenopteran species across most major superfamilies [ 47, 49, 50], and maternal effect genomic imprinting sex determination [ 51], thus far only described for the parasitoid wasp Nasonia [ 52].
In the analysis above, we assume that L. leucozonium has single-locus complementary sex determination (sl-CSD), the ancestral sex determining mechanism in the Hymenoptera [27], [28].
Single-locus complementary sex determination (sl-CSD) occurs when a single genetic locus determines the sex of the individual that it is found in.
Our previous study has ruled out complementary sex determination for A. japonica [ 28], but it is currently not known what its sex determination mechanism is (see Discussion for further details).
Here, we study mating structure and sex determination in the parasitoid Cotesia vestalis to investigate what may have driven the evolution of two complementary sex determination loci in this species.
