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The increase is caused by a selection and by a complementarity effect (Loreau and Hector 2001).
Also, the niche complementarity effect (see Loreau and Hector 2001 and references therein) that contributes to the positive BEFR could therefore be more prominent in the southern pine forests.
Further, the complementarity effect in labour and capital boosts the big data capital elasticity by 50% (1.05%/2.1% = 50%), as well as the big data labour elasticity by more than 70% (1.15%/1.6% = 72%).
However, an overall negative complementarity effect also contributed to the net effect of diversity, indicating the presence of negative (interference and/or exploitative) competition [57], [58] in the species mixture.
Ecological theory [7], [48] predicts that biodiversity influences ecosystem functioning through niche differentiation or facilitation, often subsumed under the term "complementarity effect", and through stochastic processes involved in community assembly, usually referred to as "sampling" or "selection" effects.
Collectively, these distinguish between (1) the selection effect, which is the increased probability of including a functionally dominant species in diverse communities [6], [10], and (2) the complementarity effect, which includes resource partitioning and species facilitation [7].
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This change in crown architecture could also have contributed to the complementarity effects in these stands.
In particular, the choice of functional groups, the statistical separation of sampling versus complementarity effects, and testing for the effects of particular functional groups differ from previous experiments.
We use a specially designed survey on French firms located in Haute-Savoie to provide empirical evidence suggesting that Information and Communication Technologies adoption is not only influenced by the traditional factors of technology diffusion but also by complementarity effects between strategies, organization and information technologies.
This effect is however to be understood as the combination of direct as well as complementarity effects of joint investment in capital architecture and talents within big data.
The possible substitution or complementarity effects of the ISP on the employment rate of a younger age group (those aged 35 44) are also investigated.
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