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Immigrants have different skills and experiences to native workers, so they complement rather than substitute for natives, helping raise wages and productivity for everybody.
We should restrain our urge to help unless the recipient truly needs it, and even then, we should calibrate it to complement rather than substitute for the recipient's efforts.
It could be that in the future, capital will turn out to complement rather than substitute for labor, and the wealth accumulation of plutocrats will generate their self-euthanasia as a social class by pushing down the rate of profit.
Moreover, the individual types of specialist knowledge providers tend to complement rather than substitute for one another.
Niches that allow value addition to livestock production should be identified to find ways for changing land use to complement rather than substitute for livestock production.
Third, assessment-based incentive schemes are mechanisms that complement rather than substitute for systems that promote parental choice, e.g. vouchers and charter schools.
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For these households financial remittances and CCT assistance are complements rather than substitutes.
Rotte and Vogler (2000) and recently Berthélemy et al. (2009), contradict this vision showing that aid and migration are complements rather than substitutes.
Insurance and credit instruments for smallholders may need to be seen as essential complements rather than substitutes for risk-reducing and profitable technological innovations.
We also find that implicit and explicit incentives are complements rather than substitutes in our setting in which sample firms are generally not constrained in their ability to adjust implicit and explicit incentives.
They are complements rather than substitutes.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com