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Recently, it has also been shown to facilitate replication in macrophages in a complement independent manner, being required for efficient DNA synthesis [30].
Moreover, by using FcRγ-deficient or Bcl-2-transgenic mice, we could show that this depletion was Fc-Receptor (FcR) and complement independent.
In addition, the MHV-68 RCA protein has very recently been shown to facilitate MHV-68 replication in primary macrophages in a complement independent manner [30].
No correlation to the infecting strain serotypes was apparent, nor was there any obvious correlation to SBA titres (most of the acute sera had high levels of complement independent killing so an SBA titre could not be obtained).
Are you interested in measuring complement dependent or complement independent immune pathways?
The extent of silencing appeared determined by sex chromosome complement independent of gonadal sex [ 60].
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Of the 1046 P-containing proteins which also had receiver and/or transmitter domains, 1000 (95.6%) had domain complements (independent of order) of either TRRP (196), TRP (679), or PR (125), which are likely members of typical phosphorelays [ 39].
Each group contained (i) bacteria (12.5 μL) + complement (25 μL) + immunized serum or unimmunized serum (50 μL, eightfold serially diluted in PBS) (complement-dependent manner) and (ii) bacteria + heat-inactivated complement + immunized serum or unimmunized serum (complement-independent manner).
Although CD4 cells represent the major target for HIV infection in blood, claims of complement-independent binding of HIV-1 to erythrocytes and the possible role of Duffy blood group antigen, have generated controversy.
It is of note that this IgM fraction contains antibodies reactive with O-linked olygosaccharides expressed by leukemic cells and are capable to kill them by a complement-independent mechanism.
Activation of complement cascade leads to the formation of C5 convertases, generating C5a and C5b from C5 but complement-independent enzymes, such as thrombin [28], neutrophil elastase [29] and a macrophage serine protease [30] can also generate C5a.
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