But the unique demography of killer whale social groups may motivate younger females to invest more competitive effort into reproduction, tipping the costs and benefits of reproduction for older females, said Darren Croft, a professor of animal behavior at the University of Exeter in England and an author of the new paper.
These include the expression of heterosis, increased genetic repertoire, reduced onset of reproduction, increased competitive capabilities, enhanced growth and survivorship rates, synergistic complementation and assurance of mate location [ 4, 27- 34].
Once differences are identified, common garden experiments can be used to investigate evolution between horticultural and invasive forms of the same species such as variation in growth, reproduction, or competitive ability.
Considering the results of plant growth and reproduction, relative competitive ability and population yield, it is likely that the Bt-transgenic and non-transgenic rice will coexist in agricultural ecosystems when commercial release of transgenic crops is permitted.
The general scheme for the IWO algorithm is shown in Algorithm 1, which consists of four main procedures: initialization, reproduction, spatial dispersal, and competitive exclusion operator, respectively.[20 24]: Algorithm 1 Invasive weed optimization algorithm 1.
It is well established that reproduction is a very competitive process, and that selective pressures on genes involved in the process are not rare (for a review, see [ 42]).
Furthermore, the model undergoes competitive exclusion, where the strain with the higher reproduction number (greater than unity) drives the other (with reproduction number less than unity) to extinction.
In this study we quantify the abundance, competitive ability, and interspecific variability of vegetative reproduction in 18 replicated experimental gaps in the southern Appalachians and Carolina Piedmont, USA, in order to assess the potential role of sprouting in driving gap dynamics.
Clearly, transformation-related alterations of DNA occur to different degrees [7]; yet surprisingly few studies have examined their consequences for whole-plant traits, such as fitness and ecological performance (measured by growth and reproduction, defense and tolerance, and competitive ability).
Navigating the human life course from birth through to adulthood and ultimately reproduction is a risky and competitive business closely dependent on individual resource budgets.
