Antitrust reviews of mergers typically address a few key issues – including whether a merger significantly concentrates the market and whether any increased concentration will have anti-competitive effects, such as restricting industry output and leading to higher prices.
According to economist Andy Schwarz, "the usual next step in the process is for the antitrust authorities (DOJ or FTC) to review to see whether the merger will cause anti-competitive effects (such as higher prices, lower-quality service) in a relevant market.
Molecular modeling of electrical double layer (EDL) structure and electrosorption of ions in pores predicts the on-set of competitive entropic and energetic effects, such as electrosorption capacity mainly determined by size exclusion effects rather than applied electrical potential.
Rats are adversely affected by i.p. injections of competitive NMDA antagonists with side effects such as hyperactivity, stereotypy, ataxia, and catalepsy [ 29].
The affinity constant of antagonists exhibiting two or more effects, such as in competitive neuromuscular-blocking agents that also block ion channels as well as antagonising agonist binding, cannot be analyzed using Schild regression.
Waters et al. [ 5] highlight a number of systems where phylogeographic breaks have been linked to density-dependent effects, such as intra-specific competitive exclusion, without current geographic barriers to gene flow.
Hypotheses explaining the relative success of invasive species span the entire spectrum of population and community ecology including evolutionary arguments such as local adaptation, i.e. evolution of increased competitive ability, EICA [31], [32] to more stochastically driven processes such as disturbance [33], [34] or pure sampling effects such as propagule pressure [35].
But due to tractability issues it is nowadays impossible to determine a fully operative and optimal schedule with an integrated model which accounts for all the key airline related aspects such as competitive effects, stochastic demand figures and uncertain operating conditions.
But they came across no such benign competitive effects—indeed, they found no effects at all.
Even the direct assessment of binding strengths between adsorbates and soil particles does not account for the competitive effects that take place in multi-adsorbate environments such as those found in soils [15 19].
