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When the interaction, ω ij, from some species j to a given species i is, for example, made less competitive (decreased in magnitude) by the evolution of heritable traits, all the other interactions involving i, i.e., ω ih (h≠ j) and ω hi (h≠ i), are made more competitive by these normalising evolutionary trade-offs.
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The most competitive genotypes decreased the yield of focal plants only when below-ground competition was permitted, indicating that below-ground competition may be more important than above-ground competition in arabidopsis when securing resources for seed production (Fig. 6; Supplementary Data Table S3).
Wang et al. (2009) exhibited that K+, Na+, and Li+ (as competitive ions) decreased the Pb2+ sorption at pH < 6.
U.S. companies have been struggling to drum up sales overseas amid a stronger dollar, which makes their products less competitive, and decreased demand due to a sluggish global economy.
In agreement, their p47phox cytosolic subunit of NADPH oxidase was found to be phosphorylated on Ser345 and the competitive peptide decreased ROS hyperproduction by neutrophils [18].
Do we expect these groups to work in harmony or to become competitive over decreasing resources?
An unfavorable competitive environment decreases the likelihood that less successful innovators will announce new products.
In conclusion, reduced access to teats increases competitive interactions, decreases feeding time and decreases milk intake by group-housed calves.
Analyzing the optima of eq. [1], Frank found that: (1) mean competitive ability decreases with increasing relatedness; and, (2) mean level of policing increases with increased competition.
Licofelone, a LOX/COX competitive inhibitor, decreases the production of proinflammatory leukotrienes and prostaglandins (which are involved in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis and in gastrointestinal (GI) damage induced by NSAIDs) and has the potential to combine good analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects with excellent GI tolerability.
This competition is highly asymmetrical, and can lead to competitive exclusion and decreased population sizes (Gómez & González-Megías, 2002), which is likely to reduce arthropod diversity.
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