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When a second preference was introduced, after the fixation of the first, even higher preference strength was needed to overcome competitive costs; competition for the limited pool of males with both traits prevented preference evolution unless preferences for male traits were very strong.
Competitive costs of feeding competition were negligible within and between social units of L. leucopus, presumably due to low dietary selectivity and reliance on the most common food species.
Hence, the effect of relatedness may be increasingly relevant in balancing competitive costs above a certain level of competition [ 31].
In my models, competitive costs are not an insurmountable obstacle; although multiple preferences fail to alleviate competition, they don't appear to be significantly more costly than a single preference, and in fact serve to increase indirect selection on preferences (see Figure 1; the minimum α required for preference evolution is lower for multiple preferences).
ADC said Altitun helps telecommunications providers deploy high-bandwidth networks at increasingly competitive costs.
Construction cost overruns notwithstanding, most nuclear power plants produce electricity at competitive costs.
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"The scale drove us to look for more competitive, cost-effective products," Bakker says.
In any case, a new fare structure would be vulnerable to competitive cost-cutting.
"Our strength and skills are in producing good parts at a competitive cost, not in managing currencies".
"I have some real questions whether United can do this at competitive cost levels," said Michael E. Levine, a former airline executive and regulator.
Jerome Olive, Dacia's general manager, noted that the competitive cost of doing business in Romania was helping somewhat to offset the punishing downturn.
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