Light inhibition of certain phytoplankton assemblages and the subsequent alteration of competitive dynamics is a novel result of this model.
Previous studies conducted at CO2 vent ecosystems have reported an overall decrease in species richness, biomass, structural and trophic complexity and increased abundance of erect macroalgae, seagrasses and soft-corals with increasing acidification17,20,21,31,32 and alteration of competitive and consumer resource interactions19,26,33.
The presence of non-replicators (and potentially non-kin) will alter the competitive environment and appropriate consideration of this alteration in the strength of competition is actually likely to be system-specific.
Fernandez et al. [53, 80] also detected GBH-induced alterations to competitive relationships between fungal species, since weed control with GBHs appeared to have a stimulatory effect on Fusarium spp. (causal agents of Fusarium head blight, root and crown rot, and sudden death syndrome) while suppressing Cochliobolus sativus (causal agent of common root rot, a common disease of wheat and barley).
These changes involve alterations in the binding of the enzyme to substrates and lack of binding to arachidonic acid (competitive inhibitor), as well as alterations in the affinity of the flavin coenzyme for electrons.
Anti-adhesive or anti-biofilm surface alterations may become competitive anti-infective solutions in the near future as the demand increases for alternative approaches [59,60].
This proof-of-principle experiment revealed that subclones in each GBM had variable regenerative or stem cell activity, and highlighted genetic alterations associated with more competitive propagating activity in vivo.
Acriflavine inhibits catalase activity in vitro in a competitive manner, which correlates with the conformational alterations of the enzyme structure caused by the inhibitory effect as previously observed by fluorescence spectroscopy [ 47].
The responsible mechanism has been controversial; proposed contributors have included competitive inhibition or inactivation of Cbl absorption, alterations in intrinsic factor levels, bacterial flora, gastrointestinal motility, or ileal morphological structure, and interaction with the cubulin endocytic receptor (11, 14, 15).
