"Through the competitions, individuals get their opportunities.
Total competition c is summed over the competition individual i experiences from all neighboring individuals present (j ∈ nb) and is normalized for the maximum number of neighboring individuals (nb max = 24 for a competition radius of 2).
In a selection experiment imposing group and individual selection on plants in competition, individual selection for increased performance resulted in lower average group performance, but group selection for increased performance resulted in higher average group performance (Goodnight 1985).
Instead of competition for individual trips (competition in the market), there is competition for a contract in the form of an auction.
Despite this, HouseGuests continued to play the game as individuals and competed in competitions as individuals, were nominated as individuals, and were evicted as individuals.
Previously, LG hosted texting competitions in individual countries such as the United States and South Korea.
"Ironically, as competition for individual seats has declined, competition for the majority has increased," Mr. Mann said.
The experiment was a 2 (Competitive exercise context: Competition vs. No competition) × 2 (Individual competitiveness: High vs. Low) between-subjects design.
Other competitions for individuals include the World Junior Chess Championship, the European Individual Chess Championship, and the National Chess Championships.
Direct antagonistic interactions in competition for food, space, nest sites, or mating partners can be very costly, especially if the competition reduces individual fitness (direct interference) [ 3, 5- 7].
