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However, we studied our birds nearly a year after the competition manipulation had finished.
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Although China's wooden furniture industry is overwhelmingly privately owned, China's nonmarket status makes it difficult for private manufacturers to prove that their cheap prices are a result of market competition, not government manipulation.
In our zeal to create a parallel universe of intense competition and rule manipulation, and to have one more spectator sport for our own jollies, we have reached down into the ranks of 12-year-olds.
In addition, the effort to limit competition and the manipulation of citizenship rights to do so raises larger questions about the chances of democratic consolidation in these countries.
Pharmacological treatments can have acute effects on success in competition [12] [16], whereas manipulation of the neonatal environment can lead to long-lasting changes in competitive success that persist for months after the initial intervention [17] [20].
Hence, the expression of traits beneficial in sperm competition and female manipulation, e.g. male accessory gland proteins, is costly to their bearers, such that males can become limited in the number of fertilizations they can secure.
It ran daily competitions for photo manipulation and it was considered a badge of honour if your work went viral off the site; even better if you made it on to [the fact-checking site] Snopes.
These charges restricted competition between traders, making manipulation possible.
The right answer here is "a $500 billion a year trade deficit and unfair international competition, due to currency manipulation, foreign trade barriers, intellectual property theft, and related factors".
Neither sperm competition nor mating rate manipulations affected measures of ejaculate quality, such as percentage sperm motility (treatment group effect: F3,28 = 2.19, P = 0.1), curvilinear sperm velocity (F3,28 = 1.11, P = 0.4) or straight-line sperm velocity (F3,28 = 1.72, P = 0.2).
Through the movements of her characters in this sparklingly realised alternative reality, Morgenstern explores the relation between competition and collaboration, collusion and manipulation, fate and freedom.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com