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These results suggest that naturally occurring cell competition is required to renew the pool of T-cell periodicallyperiodically with fresh cells from the bone marrow.
This is because our experiment involves local (i.e., within population) competition: previous studies with this system have shown that global (i.e., between populations) competition is required for cooperators to have a net fitness advantage over cheats [ 6].
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All the architects in the competition were required to include a tall element in their designs, and Libeskind chose neither a super-tall office building, which would have been difficult to rent and probably impossible to finance, nor a pure, Eiffel Tower-like symbol, which would have been far too expensive to build without some offsetting income.
All helmets used in competition are required to be hard-shell helmets.
However, to evaluate this hypothesis, quantitative data on resource use and competition are required.
Since the tournament selection can be performed in constant time and N c P Size competitions are required to fill one generation [30], the complexity of the tournament selection is O(N c P Size ).
An understanding of how innovation based competition works is required, which means understanding the functions of innovation systems, the strategic fields of science, technology and innovation, how they are produced (key-actors) and how their markets develop.
If competition and lower prices are the goal, pro-competition oversight is required to ensure that the companies with essential assets do not use them to stifle others.
But Bittar believes more out-of-competition testing is required.
In an aerobatic competition, each pilot is required to fly a number of individual sequences of aerobatic figures, which are scored by a panel of judges.
In order to make this competition work, transparency is required [ 3].
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com