97 More recently, SIR models incorporating open-ended evolutionary dynamics have simulated immune-mediated competition and evolution in RNA viruses.
Those authors argued that virus competition and evolution within small subpopulations of rabbits was the most likely scenario in Europe, but they also explored models that assumed infinite host populations and high connectivity between subpopulations.
The presence of mutations that could, relative to the wild type, reduce fitness in a completely naive host population but might nonetheless be favored in a partially immune population implies that models of pathogen competition and evolution should accommodate variation in intrinsic fitness, or R0, between strains or species (Box 2).
Oddly enough, scientists believe this leads to larger testicles in males: When females are promiscuous, sperm competition increases, and evolution selects for males with the largest testicles capable of producing the most sperm.
Flying in the face of free trade, competition and economic evolution, Mr Kerry is posing as the champion of the little man.Torn two waysDoes he really mean this, or was Mr Edwards pushing him into it?
Linkages between industry and university have become crucial for knowledge discovery and driving industrialization within fast-paced global competition and technological evolution.
The linkages of industry to university become necessary not only for knowledge discovery but also for driving industrialization within fast-paced global competition and technological evolution (Bettis and Hitt 1995; Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff 1997; Hwang et al. 2003).
It also has important consequences for sexual selection, sperm competition, and the evolution of male reproductive strategies [ 2, 3].
A detailed analysis of sperm competition and the evolution of sperm function is covered in recent reviews (Fitzpatrick and Lupold, 2014; Lehtonen and Parker, 2014; Ramm, 2014).
However, as somatic cells are subject to selection at both the animal population and tissue levels, the net DFE of somatic mutations that affects inter-cellular competition and somatic evolution at the tissue level could differ from DFEs typically observed at the animal population level.
For decades we have lived with the idea that Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection can explain everything in terms of competition – and that therefore evolution favours selfishness.
