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Blackface generated meanings that could not be controlled by black subjects, given that they did not have the means to provide competing representations of blackness.
Lynda Hart, one of the authors of Acting Out: Feminist Performances, felt that the video "alternated between two competing representations of Madonna... Charging coercion, both sides make the video as an invitation to a certain way of life, in the process denying it the stylistic invocation of a rhetoric of self-authorization".
This suggests that if the level of incongruence between two competing representations increases, neural competition increases, possibly resulting in more frequent alternations.
Therefore, one might explain our results as showing that proactive control mechanisms promote controlled access to episodic memory (i.e., contextual representations), and reactive control mechanisms perform selection among activated and competing representations.
Adjudication, after all, is essentially a process of evaluating competing representations.
First, visual motion perception relies on competing representations in opponent directions.
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Each competing representation receives activation from other sources: deliberate attention activates representations of the intended task via 'top-down control' (or 'concentration'); while bottom-up involuntary influences (established emotional processing biases or well-practiced negative habits of thought) activate distracting threat representations.
Consequently, attentional control resources deployed to keep task-related representations active are usually sufficient to inhibit competing threat representations and make it unlikely that they become dominant and intrude into awareness.
In summary, negative thoughts initially intrude into awareness as the result of a combination of stronger unintentional "bottom-up" influences that serve to activate representations of threat; and insufficient voluntary "top-down" control to overcome the competing threat representations, leading to loss of attention to the original focus.
Grush notes that his interpretation of such cases is similar in some respects to the multiple drafts model of Dennett (1991: ch. 5 6), but the trajectory estimation model is not committed to a plurality of competing simultaneous representations.
The current study tested whether (a) 6-year-old children show difficulty in selecting among competing semantic representations, (b) providing category labels designed to reduce selection demands improves performance, and (c) such benefits transfer to self-directed flexibility.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com