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Design of complex engineered systems often involves optimization of multiple competing problems that are supposed to compromise to arrive at equilibrium optima, entailing a joint optimization problem.
Micro-simulation models and marginal structural models are new techniques that address the complex competing problems of disease severity and treatment adherence, but have only recently been applied to COPD [ 57].
This seems to suggest that HCV testing projects targeting active drug users should have a different focus (e.g. focus on issues relevant to drug users' lifestyles and competing problems) than HCV testing projects targeting the general population.
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A trillion-dollar gift from the productive American economy has presented both the presidential candidates and voters with the possibility of addressing a number of competing national problems or political demands.
No global estimates are available for carrying out the SAFE strategy for trachoma control, but the Ethiopian government, beset by competing social problems, would have to come up with $30 million to reach even half the people who need the antibiotic, and $20 million more for public education on basic hygiene.
Such joint optimization of multiple competing optimization problems is very difficult, if not impossible, to be modelled and solved with traditional multi-objective optimization methods.
The universal approximation capability of the proposed architecture is illustrated on two example functions and then applied to several competing benchmark problems such as curve fitting, pattern recognition, classification and prediction.
In competing risks problems, CSH is a fundamental measure and the most commonly used.
This is especially the case when older patients have competing health problems that limit disease investigation.
However, during a full decade of survivorship many other factors may have a profound impact on cancer recurrence: the retrospective nature of our analysis does not account for changes in lifestyle, not for all competing health problems or psychosocial issues.
In fact, cause-specific hazards (CSH) and cumulative incidence functions (CIF) provides different aspects of the event histories in competing risks problems and inference on these measures may yield different conclusions.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com