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One group of ants tends these underground mushroom gardens, weeding out competing fungi and keeping the chambers at an ideal temperature and humidity.
Strobilurins are aromatic compounds produced by some fungi that help them secure resources by giving them an advantage against other competing fungi.
The species has definitely reduced conidiation efficiency (compared for the general mean for the genus, I.S. Druzhinina, personal observations) and is less aggressive against potentially competing fungi.
These costs may provide a means of maintaining the genetic variation in protection against competing fungi that is required for the evolution of adaptation to fungal competitors.
Thus, although a substrate generalist D. melanogaster may well be a specialist for interactions with competing fungi and their secondary metabolites.
A different Streptomyces symbiont isolated from the Southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis, was also observed to protect an important fungal symbiont from competing fungi.
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This prevents the competing fungus from creating its own energy and inhibiting its growth at the earliest stages of the life cycle, the spore germination stage.
Evolution of tolerance implies no changes in the negative consequences for the competing fungus and should therefore not result in antagonistic co-evolution [ 28].
Although the species produces more fruit bodies than other competing ectomycorrhizal fungi in the same location, it is not a dominant root colonizer, and occupies only a small percentage of ectomycorrhizal root tips.
This result had been predicted by an earlier study and adds further evidence that there is heritable variation in the mechanisms underlying protection against competing filamentous fungi [ 25].
This is a clear survival advantage for these bacterial strains competing with fungi for limited space within a common ecologic niche (that is, the respiratory mucosal surface in a mechanically ventilated patient).
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