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Thus, although our chosen alloyed gold standard is contaminated by measurement error, it was obtained without resorting to the assumptions that are used in the competing exposure assessment methods.
The exception was exposure to the occupation, which would act as a competing exposure in analyses exploring the relationship between birth weight and CVD in later life, since it did not precede birth weight in this cohort and was not considered to be directly related to birth weight in the causal path diagram [ 20].
It is important to note that the interpretation of the estimated hazard ratios for potential confounders is not straightforward since the main exposure variable (birth weight) lies on the pathway between these potential confounders and the outcome variable (CVD in later life). 2 Exposure to the 1940 45 occupation was considered a competing exposure.
The first set of models (A: birth weight) included sex, gestational age at birth and paternal occupation at birth (as potential confounders) and exposure to the 1940 45 occupation (as a competing exposure).
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For this reason the analytical models exploring each of the exposure variables (birth weight and exposure to the occupation) included slightly different covariates acting as potential confounders and/or competing exposures.
Given of the time frame from exposure to follow-up, this hypothesis was predicated on any prenatal effect being robust enough to persist despite competing exposures during infancy and childhood.
Teaching is a top priority, and faculty members compete for exposure to students.
These include causal interactions, imperfect experiments, adjustment for confounding, time-varying exposures, competing risks and the probability of causation.
"It is very difficult to maintain and environment of openness without frequent exposure to competing ideas.
Drawing on Hilgartner's concept of a 'risk object', the paper reveals how a search for a policy consensus on auditor liability was invariably frustrated by the competing conceptualizations of, and exposure to, risk attributed to particular proposed liability arrangements.
It defeated competing episodes of Northern Exposure and NYPD Blue, as well as another second season Homicide episode, "A Many Splendored Thing".
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com