While all strategy-oriented programs proved to enhance reading competence, understanding of reading strategies and competence for application of reading strategies, gains in self-efficacy did not differ from the control condition.
The present study improves upon the existed related literature in two ways: unlike the quantitative studies of Phakiti (2008b) and (Purpura 1999) which embarked upon validating Bachman and Palmer's (1996) strategic competence in light of reading comprehension, the present study was designed to explore elements of strategic competence in graph-writing task through a process-oriented approach.
More recent research however underlines the affective dimension of reading competence as well.
Moreover, these studies have examined the ingredients of strategic competence utilized in reading comprehension.
In 2012 their country came 56th among 65 in the OECD's PISA tests of competence in reading, maths and science.
In the early 21st century, "cultural literacy" has come to be associated with the educational standards movement, which seeks to hold students to high levels of competence in reading, math, science and history.
The first league table lists developed nations according to their average rank in five different tables showing the percentage of 14 to 15 year-olds who fall below fixed international benchmarks of competence in reading, maths and science.
Table 1 ENGLCOM syllabus (2011 version) I. Course Description English Communication (ENGLCOM) is a course that primarily focuses on the development of communicative competence in reading and writing in the context of academic, media, and other authentic texts.
In sum, the findings suggest that even at early stages of learning to read, intrinsic reading motivation contributes to students' development of reading competence.
