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Our coding of competence is based on students' perception of their own understanding and performance; we did not have access to information regarding students' actual grades or course performance.
According to existing definitions of competencies (e.g., Beck 1989; Weinert 2001), economic-civic competence is based on knowledge, skills and non-cognitive factors (e.g., an interest in economic problems, a motivation to solve economic problems, and attitudes and values that allow economic problems to be discussed and responsibly resolved).
Eric Sofge: The myth of robotic competence is based on a hunch.
In this study, the concept of medication competence is based on an integrative literature review by Sulosaari et al. [ 38].
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The scoring and interpretation of the students' level of competence was based on medians.
Thus, the estimation of competence scores for each competence facet is based on only three items.
This idea confirms the psychological perspective, which suggests that the development in competence domains is based on transferrable skills and dispositions common to all subjects (Weinert 1999).
This general competence evaluation is based on the issues that are salient to voters or on which the party has a strong reputation.
Computer-based language competences development is based on methods of administering instructions.
Although, how the best and why the best competence is selected is based on the superior's judgments, and it is not described in this method.
"Fayyadism is about Palestinians finding a new source of legitimacy — one that is based on competence, not on a legacy of resistance or on religion," said Khalil Shikaki, director of the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research in the West Bank city of Ramallah.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com