Osteogenetic competence or determination is the state of readiness but not yet activated capacity to differentiate into bone cells.
Psychological empowerment is defined as a psychological state that employees must experience for managerial empowerment interventions to be successful, which comprises four main dimensions: meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact (Meyerson and Kline 2008; Spreitzer 1995).
We measure psychological empowerment with Spreitzer (1995)'s scale, which consists of 12 items used to assess the extent to which individuals experience four components of psychological empowerment: meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact.
Employees with a high level of psychological empowerment are likely to experience more competence, self-determination and personal impact on their environment, which will increase their autonomous motivation to drive proactive goal processes (Parker and Collins 2010).
In addition, feelings of competence, self-determination, and impact involved in psychological empowerment can make employees experience a sense of control over their tasks and environment, which may, to some extent, contribute to the shift of their locus of control from external to internal.
Psychological empowerment is defined as a motivational construct manifested in four cognitions: meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact [ 35].
It is a 12-item scale measuring four dimensions of psychological empowerment: meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact, and each dimension is measured by three items (e.g., "The work I do is very important to me").
The purpose of the second-order factor analysis is to explore how strongly the first-order factors load on the hypothesized second-order factor, that is, to estimate to what extent the explained factors of meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact could be accounted for by the more generic concept of PPSE [ 21].
In the 1970's and 80's, semantic externalists used a variety of persuasive examples to argue that the traditional account of meaning yields an unrealistic picture of (i) semantic competence, (ii) reference determination, and (iii) epistemic access to modal facts.
Overall, a role in adventitious root competence, reprogramming and determination could be envisaged for a subset of the pine GRAS genes.
