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This apoptotic resistance was partially abrogated by a VEGFR-TKI, which blocked the compensate pathway consisted of VEGF family members, or by knockdown of Vegf mRNA, which inhibited intracellular function(s) of all Vegf gene products.
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Interestingly, chronic and complete depletion of all Vegf gene products by Vegf gene knockout further augmented these phenotypes in the compensate pathway-independent manner.
Likely contributing factors include saturation of the intracellular RNA interference machinery or induction of gene expression by activation of compensating pathway members in response to suppression of others (known to occur among the pocket proteins as well as among the p53 pathway members).
Thus, a redundancy of n is equivalent to the presence of n compensating pathways of equal length for each function.
If there are n compensating pathways for a particular function and each of these pathways contains m reactions, the level of redundancy is (mn)/ m = n.
Mycobacteria lack a mutSL-based mismatch repair (MMR) system [ 42], and it is believed that recA may be involved in compensating pathways.
Note, the metric (see Materials and Methods) compensates for pathway size.
Simply put, this level of redundancy among the redundant reactions of E. coli is equivalent to the presence of 3.8 compensating pathways of equal length for each function (see Materials and Methods).
It is possible that our data are consistent with the hypothesis that nuclear genes of the OXPHOS pathway compensate for the accumulation of slightly deleterious nucleotide substitutions in their mitochondrial counterparts.
Although single-target agents have been shown to improve patient outcomes in certain tumour types, drug resistance often occurs due to salvage pathways that compensate for the inhibited signalling pathway.
Functional redundancy by gene duplication and compensating metabolic pathways as well as soma-clonal variations that occurred during Agrobacterium-mediated transformation might explain why such a small portion of rice genes were functionally characterized with gene-indexed mutants.
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