"When you put them all together, they lead you to the compelling inference that these two men put their heads together to change that statement, a compelling inference that demands an explanation and you have had none".
The gold standard of making compelling causal inferences depends on experimental designs in which the assignment of participants to treatments is "exogenous" rather than "endogenous".
Clinicians then make a compelling pathophysiological inference and reason that there must be inadequate vital organ blood flow (typically described by the loose term perfusion) to explain this clinical picture.
I discuss four "markers" of causality theoretical coherence, empirical covariation, temporal/physical separation, and internal validity and how the researcher can lever these to suggest compelling survey-based inferences.
Somewhat more modestly, Peacocke (1992, 2005) claims that possession of certain logical concepts requires that a person find certain inferences "primitively compelling," or compelling not by reason of some inference or in any way that takes "their correctness…as answerable to anything else" (p. 6).
This argument invokes a compelling pattern of inference regarding claims about what is power necessary for a person.
In addition to showing that the executive's statements were misleading, the court wrote in the case, Tellabs v. Makor Issues & Rights, a shareholder's claim that the executive had wrongful intent had to be "more than merely plausible or reasonable – it must be cogent and at least as compelling as any opposing inference of nonfraudulent intent".
This characteristic was a hallmark of prior examples where non-experimental evidence led to strong causal inference i.e. "In no instance, did one design provide the 'clinching' proof, but, in combination, they made causal inference a compelling probability" [71].
This principle leads them to make illusory inferences, which have compelling but invalid conclusions.
Absent something more compelling than the dubious negative inference offered by petitioner, the lengthy history of the doctrine of equivalents strongly supports adherence to our refusal in Graver Tank to find that the Patent Act conflicts with that doctrine.
