Previous studies using global antioxidants as potential therapeutic targets in sepsis have fallen short, likely due to compartmentalized cellular effects of ROS and limited antioxidant penetration into the mitochondria [29].
Since cytoplasmic H+ ion diffusivity is low and the factors that affect pHi (metabolism, blood perfusion, and acid/base membrane transport) can be highly heterogeneous and compartmentalized, the effects of non-uniform pHi on Ca2+ signalling should be considered as physiologically relevant.
In all cases where virus did compartmentalize, the effects were subtle; i.e., detectable using statistical tests, though not always immediately obvious from visual inspection of phylogenetic trees.
Both PDE7A and PDE4D are members of multi-gene families and each produces a series of splice variants that determine their subcellular location and compartmentalize their effects on cAMP signaling.
In eukaryotic cells, effect of highly compartmentalized nucleus on gene transcription regulation has come into notice.
So that different traits which respond to the same hormone signal can develop and evolve independently, hormone effects need to be compartmentalized in time and space [ 7, 13].
As a lead population, we analyzed thymic epithelial cells (TECs), where we were able to label compartmentalized TEC subsets to saturation without apparent toxic effects on the thymus architecture or stress-sensitive TEC lineage differentiation.
Albeit TLR4 −/− mice were protected against post-MI damage (Riad et al, 2008), our data indicate nonetheless that compartmentalized TLR4 signaling in CFs could convey beneficial effects.
If spiritual guidance is compartmentalized rather than integrated, it will have little effect.
Limiting these analyses to only a few traits has precluded an assessment of how the effects of external and internal signals are compartmentalized in the developing wings.
Furthermore, compartmentalized changes in ROS formation are likely to have disparate effects on autophagy.
