Gene transfer may be constrained for the same reasons as in the case of mitochondria: if compartmentalization of function (and thus the presence of the symbiont) is important, the major constraining factor for transfer is the ease of importability of proteins (targeting, import and assembly) into the compartment [ 1, 13].
Since compartmentalization of cellular functions is an important aspect of C4 adaptations [ 55], these contrasting responses probably reflect cell- or tissue-specific expression patterns.
The compartmentalization of biochemical functions requires the reciprocal crosstalk between organelles to maintain the cellular homeostasis and to guarantee an efficient and coordinated response to environmental changes.
All cells must transmit information from the genome into RNA and protein components in a manner that maintains the appropriate subcellular compartmentalization of molecular functions.
However, even for such prevalent miRNAs, their relative abundance varies greatly depending on the tissue and stage studied (Table 1 and Figure 1A), denoting a high degree of variation in miRNA populations between tissues and the compartmentalization of their functions in a dynamic fashion.
The transcription gene regulatory network (GRN) for 149 ORFs had a modular topology comprising five communities of highly interconnected nodes that separated key genes that are functionally related on different communities, possibly maximizing redundancy and GRN robustness by compartmentalization of important functions.
The expression of the Trib genes in mammals is widely divergent, suggesting the compartmentalization of their function.
RNA-Seq analysis of P. schultei suggested compartmentalization of gut function, as found in other insects [ 24] and plant cell wall consuming organisms.
Going along with the proliferation of membrane-enclosed organelles in eukaryotes is usually a higher degree of subcellular compartmentalization, of assigning different kinds of functions to different regions of the cell.
Our findings provide insights into biosynthetic pathways, compartmentalization of enzymes, and distinct functions of paralogs.
