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Running half-year averages show significant solar cycle variations in the solar activity indices but only marginal and insignificant changes in comparison with background fluctuations for heliospheric bulk plasma and magnetic field parameters.
All visualized areas of increased uptake were graded on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 = negative, 2 = probably negative, 3 = equivocal, 4 = probably positive, and 5 = definitely positive), based on a visual comparison with background activity in a normal adjacent region.
The overall number of breakdowns estimated to be preventable by proactive culling is fairly modest in comparison with background TB incidence (e.g. 22.6 breakdowns prevented over 7.5 years in an area that would otherwise experience roughly 187 breakdowns), and the consequent financial savings much too low to offset the costs of culling using cage traps, snares, or gassing.
Foci of increased FDG uptake were evaluated by comparison with background and blood pool activity.
Benchmark approaches estimate risks using variability in response to a fixed dose level in comparison with background control variability.
The mean ELRR for both never- and ever-smokers combined in Ontario is 0.161, suggesting a 16%% greater risk of lung cancer at current levels of exposure in comparison with background levels.
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Subsequently, regions of interest (ROIs) were visually placed over the area with abnormal uptake and tracer uptake was quantified by comparing the average counts per pixel of the focus in comparison with normal background bone activity assessed from a usually symmetrically placed contralateral background ROI.
This allowed the identification of fluorescent, GFP-producing hyphae, by comparison with the background signal associated with control mycelia transformed with the empty AGL-1 strain (Figure 1b).
An increase in the electron concentration in comparison with the background level, under calm or weakly disturbed geomagnetic field conditions, was identified before the analyzed magnetic storms.
Figure 4d shows the measured output signals in terms of current and voltage for the corresponding sample, in comparison with a background signal.
The comparison with a background model allows the algorithms following this approach to detect foreground objects even when momentarily not moving; also, a complex background model could be able to correctly interpret some changes in the background, such as "waving trees" or predictable lighting changes (e.g., a switch turned on or off).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com