Secondly, where within trial meta-analysis comparisons of surrogate and final outcomes have been performed, they have been limited to a single treatment (or treatment class) in one specific disease area.
The reference-free approach is able to do this without the somewhat time-consuming comparison of candidate surrogate variables with potential confounders; however, it achieves this result by essentially projecting unadjusted effect estimates on an error matrix, with a linearity assumption that, while biologically motivated, may sometimes fail.
In this work, a direct comparison of Diesel and surrogates soot tendencies is undertaken and relies on soot and fluorescent species mappings obtained respectively by Laser-Induced Incandescence (LII) at 1064 nm and Laser-Induced Fluorescence at 532 nm.
The EAC considered the outcome of venous blood flow to be a surrogate for prevention of VTE, and noted the conclusions of a review on the use of surrogate comparisons [ 56].
A direct comparison of gasoline and its surrogate over the entire CAI operating range permitted a comprehensive evaluation of the surrogate adequacy under purely kinetically controlled combustion mode.
In comparison, surrogates of NB demonstrated structural properties within 23 118% of the literature-based range.
For chromosome 13 of a HapMap/HapMap comparison (a surrogate self-self hybridization), presented are the variance, autocorrelation, and percentage of observations beyond two or three standard deviations.
Figures 5 6 and Tables 2 3 provide elements of comparison between the surrogate contact networks and the empirical data (see also Additional file 1).
The information gained from such a comparison would allow for a better understanding of the choice of surrogate for HuNoV.
The wide choice of potential and proposed antigens, routes and mechanisms of delivery, and possible treatment regimens suggest that, to move the field forward, surrogate markers allowing comparison of the relative efficacy of different vaccine approaches are required.
