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One definition is "a recognized unit of comparison by which the correctness of others can be determined".
A typical thermosiphonic system with flat plate collector was tested for performance comparison, by which the improved daily efficiency of ICS systems and also their moderate water storage heat preservation during the night were confirmed.
Nature… provides the basis of comparison by which we distinguish between designed objects and natural objects.
In addition, the pattern of responding that is observed under blindfolded walking conditions serves as a useful comparison by which to assess the internally-based self-motion representations that occur during other reduced cue conditions, specifically imagined self-motion.
Finally, while the retrospective measurement of pre-injury health is considered important as it allows for comparison by which to assess individual recovery; the potential for recall bias to affect the person's view of their pre-injury health must be acknowledged.
Similar(55)
With respect to the reportedly low recidivism of this program, these statistics are near meaningless without a comparison group by which to judge its effectiveness.
Moreover, minor sequencing errors would have little or no effect on the genome comparison by MAUVE which examines large homologous blocks between strains.
No, the point of comparison is the target by which each country agrees to reduce their emissions.
It proves that social comparison is the mechanism by which women are upset – they see gorgeous media images and feel that their body shape and weight are relatively worse.
Comparison of the degree by which acupuncture exceeded tactile stimulation in frequency and in magnitude between the acupoints.
Comparison with the efficiency by which mutant NS3/4A sequences cleaved human IPS-1, suggested that the cleavage of mouse IPS-1 was less efficient than human IPS-1.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com