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Identification of several new highly virulent strains of Francisella from farmed fish has opened up for a broader comparison between members of this important and very special group of bacteria.
These outgroups had to be robustly placed with the ingroup, not too distant to cause inaccurate measures of genetic distance (i.e., exposure to substitution saturation), but distant enough to offer a clear comparison between members of the ingroup.
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In 68 of 69 cases, comparisons between members of these species yielded CA values <55%.
The pairs between 50 and 89% represent comparisons between members of species, while the pairs between 89 and 100% represent comparisons between isolates of the same species [ 37].
A peak at 44 to 70% corresponds to comparisons between members of species whereas the second, at 73 to 100%, consists of comparisons between isolates.
In that scheme, the P-values we evaluated are used only for one-on-one comparisons between members of two groups.
It is also interesting that recently diverging pairs of schistosome MEGs and S. mansoni VALs display d N/d S values significantly higher than comparisons between members of two recently expanded families of genes in schistosomes (fig. 5 B).
Not unexpectedly, as seen in Figure 1 a very high degree of sequence conservation is apparent which, overall, ranges from 100% in comparisons between members of the A. gambiae s.l.l
Similar observations occurred also by comparison between ESVN and ECVN members.
These differences in DNA methylation levels were significant in both a simple paired comparison between family members and also in a mixed-effect model including all samples.
Scores were standardised (on a scale of 0-100) to aid comparison between team members who did and did not provide direct patient care.
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