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The weight of the support plates can be reduced to 24% compared with the initial design.
The best solution is compared with the initial design results to prove the efficiency and applicability of this optimization method.
Compared with the initial design, a lighter structure with weight reduction 7% and acceptable stress distribution has been obtained.
The results show that both of the holding force and the initial force are improved more than 25% compared with the initial design, which ensures both low power consumption and fast response.
The micro-time variant multi-objective particle swarm optimization (micro-TVMOPSO) algorithm used found a non-dominated solution that reduced the LLC by 29% compared with the initial design solution, with the increase of LCE by 72%.
The optimization results show that the maximum cooling capacity Qc,c at ΔT = 0, 20, 40, and 60 K is enhanced by 19.62%, 21.30%, 25.49%, and 43.83%, respectively, as compared with the initial design.
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On average, the proposed method improved a building's net heat gain by over 103 kWh/m2 and reduced its thermal load by 234.18 kWh/m2 when compared with the initial building design.
From the results of the numerical investigation, it may be positively stated that the LCC-effective optimum design of steel bridges based on the LCC model proposed in this study will lead to a more rational, economical and safer design compared with the initial cost optimum design as well as the conventional design.
The result of confirmation test analysis is compared with the initial condition of design operating parameters.
Among these, yYW0420 showed a 3.9 fold-change compared with the initial strain (Supplementary Fig. 9b).
In contrast, P2 became larger when listening after sound making compared with the initial naive listening.
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