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The differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in vitro was studied on the 3D scaffolds and compared with differentiation on 2D substrates having the same material composition.
Natural selection is expected to increase the frequency of locally advantageous alleles, resulting in higher among-population differentiation at these adaptive loci (measured by locus-specific FST), compared with differentiation in the rest of the genome (neutral loci) [ 1, 2].
By generation 1000, differentiation at selected loci had reached 0.16, which could be compared with differentiation under random mating (0.03), which was very close to differentiation at neutral markers (0.024) (data not shown).
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In addition, HP1γ depletion hampers the differentiation to the endoderm as compared with the differentiation to the neurectoderm or the mesoderm.
NPC differentiation was divergent: fNPC differentiated into mostly glial cells, compared with neuronal differentiation of aNPC.
The absolute level of expression of markers associated with regional identity is low compared with bone differentiation markers, but the differential expression between sites is relatively large (3x 260x).
Finally, also the average pairwise genetic differentiation (ΦPT) between populations in FC stands was compared with the differentiation between populations in SFC stands, using a Wilcoxon Mann–Whitney U test.
The differentiation potential of the tendon-derived cell population was evaluated by immunohistochemical and histochemical staining and real-time RT-PCR, and was compared with the differentiation potential of human femoral-shaft-derived BMSCs (n = 5).
Genetically, the generation of the double-positive cells and dysmorphic glial cells may accompany with gene mutation or abnormal activation of some signal pathways, leading to aberrant reprogramming procedure of GSCs, compared with normal differentiation of NSCs.
When the labeling indices of Ki-67, hTERT and TUNEL were compared with the differentiation degree of HCC, both hTERT and Ki-67 were higher in poorly differentiated HCC than in well and moderately differentiated HCC D).
CD44 expression was significantly more frequent in GC with poor/undifferentiated compared with well/moderate differentiation (P=0.027) as well as in GC with diffuse type compared with intestinal type histology (P=0.016).
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