Third, the monkeys systematically undervalued the larger numerosity dot arrays compared to the numerals, despite the repeated association of each with equivalent rewards.
The monkeys' equal choice behavior fell along the dots = digits identity line (dotted line) for small numbers, but at higher numerosities the monkeys tended to undervalue the dots compared to the numerals, as predicted by our calculation (Fig. 4b) based on their dots-vs-dots and numeral-vs-numeral choices.
In Fig. 4b, we plot the relative value of each number of dots compared to each numeral, from 0 to 21, derived from the curves plotted in Fig. 4a.
Compared to problems presented with Arabic numerals, problems presented with written number words activated more strongly inferior frontal brain areas including Broca's area, temporal brain areas including the left superior temporal gyrus, parietal brain areas including the left and right AG, IPS, the fusiform gyrus, and supramarginal gyrus, and occipital brain areas.
The results obtained by X-ray diffraction were compared to experimental results as well as to the results from the numeral simulation with the finite elements method (FEM).
The second posterior positivity (P2p) component showed a greater positivity for Arabic numerals closer to our comparison numerical standard of five as compared to those further away, replicating previous findings [ 12, 20].
The numerals are referred to as fold change in gene expression of untreated stromal cells as compared to untreated tumor cells.
Tasks tapping different cognitive functions assigned to asemantic (AS) vs. semantic (S) processing (P) and separated into different types of material being compared (numerals vs. letters, numerals vs. words); correspondingly tasks are grouped into three task groups (TG): I, II, and III.
It is possible to define a combinator such that if this combinator is applied to a numeral n, then the whole term reduces to the numeral m that is the numeral denoting the Gödel number of the numeral n.
In Rapp's 60, 70 and 80, féle seems to be used to mark ten, which conjoined with 6, 7 and 8 forms 60, 70 and 80. Rapp (1933) compares the Nafaanra numerals for three and hundred (lafaa) with eta and ke-lafa from Mpre, a hitherto unclassified language from Ghana.
It is less clear that the monkeys used numerosity to evaluate the numerals.
